Concept 35 DNA responds to signals from outside the cell.

Links

Cell Communication: The Inside Story

How do all the molecules in a signaling pathway find each other in the cytoplasm? How come signals don't get crossed? Find out in the article from Scientific American.

Mechanism of Action: Hormones with Cell Surface Receptors

We've spared you from the cAMP second messenger system in this concept. Scroll past the introduction to receptors and get a short description of it here.

Bibliography

• Darnell Jr., J.E., Kerr, I.M., Stark, G.R., 1994, Jak-STAT pathways and Transcriptional Activation in Response to IFNs and Other Extracellular Signaling Proteins, Science, 264: 1415-1421.
• Leaman, D.W., 1998, Mechanisms of Interferon Action, Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, 20, 101-142.
• Levy, D., Larner, A., Chaudhuri, A., Babiss, L.E., and Darnell Jr., J.E., 1986, Interferon-Stimulated Transcription: Isolation of an Inducible Gene and Identification of its Regulator Region, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 83: 8929-8933.
• Levy, D.E., Kessler, D.S., Pine, R., Reich, N., and Darnell Jr., J.E., 1988, Interferon-Induced Nuclear Factors That Bind a Shared Promotor Element Correlate with Positive and Negative Transcriptional Control, Genes and Development, 2: 383-393.
• Levy, D.E., Kessler, D.S., Pine, R., Reich, N., and Darnell Jr., J.E., 1989, Cytoplasmic activation of ISGF3, the positive regulator of interferon-alpha-stimulated transcription, reconstituted in vitro, Genes and Development, 3: 1362-1371.
• Stark, G.R., Kerr, I.M., Williams, B.R.G., Silverman, R.H., Schreiber, R.D., 1998, How Cells Respond to Interferons, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 67: 227-264.