Concept 21 RNA is an intermediary between DNA and protein.


 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                  
                		
                 
	
                
				
				
					
				1949 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium. The man busy taking notes is Paul Zamecnik. Also in picture J. S. Fruton (L), K. Linderstrom-Lang (R).
				Paul Zamecnik in his office at Massachusetts General Hospital, 1999.
				1966 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium. Mahlon Hoagland (R) in discussion with Ernest Borek (L).
                Mahlon Hoagland at his home in Vermont, 1999.
				Sydney Brenner at a 1980 Cold Spring Harbor meeting.
				
                Letter from Sydney Brenner to Matt Meselson. Brenner congratulates Meselson on the success of their experiment and proposes other possible experiments.
				(Page 1 of 2) Letter from Sydney Brenner to Matt Meselson trying to arrange a visit to Meselson's lab. Meselson forwarded the letter to George 'Beets' Beadle, department chair, to request financial assistance for Brenner.
                (Page 2 of 2) Letter from Sydney Brenner to Matt Meselson trying to arrange a visit to Meselson's lab. Meselson forwarded the letter to George 'Beets' Beadle, department chair, to request financial assistance for Brenner.
				François Jacob's letter to Matt Meselson about his planned trip to Meselson's lab.
                (Page 1 of 2) Sydney Brenner's letter to Matt Meselson where he lays out the experiment for mRNA isolation.
				(page 2 of 2) Sydney Brenner's letter to Matt Meselson where he lays out the experiment for mRNA isolation.
                A 1991 Caltech function. (L-R) Seymour Benzer, Rita Levi Montalcini, Ed Lewis and Sydney Brenner.
			
			
                
                   
                    
 
 
After his RNA work, Sydney Brenner became interested in how an organism develops. He wanted a simple model organism that could be used to study development. In 1963, he chose the roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans, and launched a new field of study.
 
Why are mRNA and tRNA necessary? Why not just make protein directly from the DNA?
		 
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    1949 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium. The man busy taking notes is Paul Zamecnik. Also in picture J. S. Fruton (L), K. Linderstrom-Lang (R).
         
       
	 DNA and proteins are key molecules of the cell nucleus.
DNA and proteins are key molecules of the cell nucleus. One gene makes one protein.
One gene makes one protein. A gene is made of DNA.
A gene is made of DNA. Bacteria and viruses have DNA too.
Bacteria and viruses have DNA too. The DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder.
The DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder. A half DNA ladder is a template for copying the whole.
A half DNA ladder is a template for copying the whole. RNA is an intermediary between DNA and protein.
RNA is an intermediary between DNA and protein. DNA words are three letters long.
DNA words are three letters long. A gene is a discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides.
A gene is a discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides. The RNA message is sometimes edited.
The RNA message is sometimes edited. Some viruses store genetic information in RNA.
Some viruses store genetic information in RNA. RNA was the first genetic molecule.
RNA was the first genetic molecule. Mutations are changes in genetic information.
Mutations are changes in genetic information. Some types of mutations are automatically repaired.
Some types of mutations are automatically repaired.