Concept 18 Bacteria and viruses have DNA too.

Joshua Lederberg, 1925.

Joshua Lederberg using a microtome to cut tissue sections, 1941.

Lederberg in his naval reserves uniform, 1943.

Lederberg at work in lab at the University of Wisconsin, 1958.

Telegram telling Lederberg that he will share in the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

1958 Nobel Prize winners: (L-R) George Beadle, Edward Tatum (Physiology or Medicine), I. Tamm (Physics), F. Sanger (Chemistry), P. Cherenkov (Physics), I. Frank (Physics), Joshua Lederberg (Physiology or Medicine).

Lederberg's 1958 Nobel Prize medal.

Lederberg's 1958 Nobel Prize certificate.

1951 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, (L-R): E. B. Lewis, C. C. Lindegren, Alfred Hershey and Joshua Lederberg.

Joshua Lederberg in his office at the Rockefeller Institute, 1999.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase at Cold Spring Harbor, 1953.

Martha Epstein Chase.

Relaxing during a break at the 1953 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Viruses: (L-R) Raymond Appleyard, George Bowen, Martha Chase, June Dixon.

Alfred Hershey receiving the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Alfred Hershey and his son, Peter, at the Nobel Prize ceremonies.

Alfred Hershey working in the lab, 1960.

Al Hershey once said that his idea of heaven is a place where he can do a perfect experiment every day. Scientists who get the "perfect" result are sometimes said to be in "Hershey Heaven."

How would you design an experiment to show that DNA is transferred in one direction during conjugation?

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Joshua Lederberg, 1925.